The impact of surgical volume on outcomes in newly diagnosed colorectal cancer patients receiving definitive surgeries.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) patients who receive cancer surgeries from higher-volume providers may have better outcomes. However, the definitions of surgical volume may affect the results. We aim to analyze the effects of different definitions of surgical volume on patient outcomes. We conducted a nationwide population-based study in Taiwan that enrolled all patients who underwent definitive surgery for newly diagnosed CRC. We used three common definitions of surgical volume: total volume means the total surgical number conducted by the same provider during the study period; cumulative volume was calculated as the number of operations the surgeon performed before the index procedure; annual volume was calculated as the number of times the surgeon had been responsible for surgery during the index year. In this study, we included 100,009 newly diagnosed CRC patients, including 55.8% males, of median age 66 years at diagnosis (range 20-105 years). After adjustment for the patient and provider characteristics, we found that CRC patients receiving definitive surgery by higher-volume providers had better outcomes, especially where surgeon volume may play a more important role than hospital volume. The cumulative volume could predict the 5-year mortality of the study cohort better than the total and annual volume.

Liver Transplantation After Downstagings of Ruptured Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Cirrhotic Liver: Is It Advisable? A Case Report.

Spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), defined as T4 in TNM stage by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (eighth edition), is a serious life-threatening complication. Effective treatment remains challenging because of a high 1-month mortality, a short median survival, and the potential of peritoneal metastasis. We reported on a case that received a living related donor liver transplantation (LDLT) after successful consecutive downstaging therapies. A 63-year-old man with alcohol-related liver cirrhosis and multiple HCC developed spontaneous rupture and hemoperitoneum. He received 3 sessions of transcatheter hepatic arterial chemoembolization and target therapy with sorafenib. Computed tomography scans and magnetic resonance imaging after 11 months of treatment showed that the patient's HCCs fulfilled the Milan criteria and the University of California San Francisco criteria prior to LDLT. The perioperative course was rather smooth. After discharge, interval follow-up computed tomography studies of chest and liver and a whole-body bone scan showed no tumor recurrence or metastasis up to 20 months post-operation. Successful downstaging therapies of ruptured HCC to fulfill Milan criteria to receive liver transplantation is advisable in highly selected patients.

Increased risk of tuberculosis in oral cancer patients in an endemic area: a nationwide population-based study.

OBJECTIVES: We investigated the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) in patients with newly diagnosed oral cancer and analyzed the risk factors for TB development and mortality in oral cancer patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used Taiwan's National Health Insurance Database to determine the incidence of TB and to analyze the risk factors for TB in patients newly diagnosed with oral cancer. From 2000 to 2011, we identified 40,327 oral cancer patients and the same number of subjects from the general population matched for sex, age, and comorbidities at a 1:1 ratio. RESULTS: Compared with the matched cohort, oral cancer patients exhibited a higher risk for TB (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 2.36, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.06-2.71). Age ≥ 50 (aHR 1.90, 95% CI 1.57-2.29), being male (aHR 1.98, 95% CI 1.36-2.89), having diabetes mellitus (aHR 1.31, 95% CI 1.05-1.64), alcohol use disorder (aHR 1.42, 95% CI 1.06-1.89), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (aHR 8.24, 95% CI 2.05-33.14), chemotherapy (aHR 1.41, 95% CI 1.15-1.72), and radiotherapy for oral cancer (aHR 1.92, 95% CI 1.57-2.36) were identified as independent risk factors for TB in oral cancer patients. Hyperlipidemia was an independent protective factor for TB in oral cancer patients. CONCLUSION: Old age, male sex, diabetes mellitus, alcohol use disorder, and HIV were independent risk factors for TB in patients with oral cancer. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: High-risk oral cancer patients should be regularly screened for TB, especially those in endemic areas.

Correction: Secondary Solid Organ Neoplasm in Patients with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Nationwide Population-Based Study in Taiwan.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152909.].

Secondary Solid Organ Neoplasm in Patients with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Nationwide Population-Based Study in Taiwan.

BACKGROUND: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is more common in children than in adults. Secondary neoplasms (SNs) in childhood ALL have been widely reported. However, only one study has demonstrated SNs in adult ALL. Because of the poorer survival of adult ALL, the incidence might be underestimated. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence and risk factors of secondary solid organ neoplasms among adult and child ALL patients. METHODS: Newly diagnosed ALL patients between 1997 and 2011 were recruited from the Taiwan National Health Insurance database. Those who had antecedent or combined malignancies were excluded. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were analyzed to compare the risk of our cohort to general population in the same age, sex and calendar year. Risk factors for SN development were analyzed by Cox proportional hazards models. Effects of treatments were treated as time-dependent variables. RESULTS: The 15-year cumulative incidence of SN was 1.9% and 8.4% in 1,381 child and 2,154 adult ALL patients, respectively. The SIR was significantly increased in child ALL (SIR 6.06), but not in adult ALL (SIR 1.16). The SIRs of follow-up periods were 5.14, 2.24, .87 and .71 at ≥ 10 years, 5-10 years, 1-5 years and 0-1, respectively. Overall, 15 SNs developed, and CNS tumors (SIR 11.56) were the most common type. Multivariate analysis showed that age ≥ 20 years (hazard ratio [HR] 5.04), end-stage renal disease (HR 18.98) and cranial irradiation (HR 8.12) were independent risk factors for cancer development. CONCLUSIONS: When compared with the general population, child ALL shows a increased risk of developing SNs. CNS tumors are the most common type, and cranial irradiation is an independent risk factor. With longer follow-up, the risk of SNs increases. Hence, physicians need to pay more attention on the risk of developing SNs in long-term ALL survivors with risk factors.

Cancer Risk in Patients With Empyema: A Nationwide Population-Based Study.

This study aimed to evaluate cancer risk and possible risk factors in patients diagnosed with empyema. A total of 31,636 patients with newly diagnosed empyema between January 1, 1999 and December 31, 2010 were included in this study. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated to compare the cancer incidence in these empyema patients to that in the general population. Adjusted hazard ratios were also calculated to investigate whether characteristics increased cancer risk. During the 12-year study period, 2,654 cancers occurred in 31,636 patients with empyema, yielding an SIR of 2.67 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.57-2.78). We excluded cancer that occurred within 1 year to avoid surveillance bias. The cancer risk remained significantly increased (SIR 1.50, 95% CI 1.41-1.58). Specifically, patients with empyema had higher SIR of cancers of the head and neck (1.50, 95% CI 1.41-1.58), esophagus (2.56, 95% CI 1.92-3.33), stomach (1.49, 95% CI 1.16-1.89), liver and biliary tract (2.18, 95% CI 1.93-2.45), and lung and mediastinum (1.62, 95% CI 1.39-1.86). Age ≥ 60, male sex, diabetes mellitus, and liver cirrhosis were independent risk factors for cancer development. Our study demonstrates an increased incidence of cancer development in patients with empyema, and patients' age ≥ 60, men, and those with diabetes mellitus and liver cirrhosis showed a higher incidence of developing cancer compared to the general population. The association between such kind of infection and secondary malignancy may be elucidated by further study.

Risk of Second Non-Breast Primary Cancer in Male and Female Breast Cancer Patients: A Population-Based Cohort Study.

Female breast cancer patients have an increased risk of developing subsequent malignant diseases, but this issue is rarely discussed in regards to male breast cancer patients. Thus, we conducted a national survey that included 100,915 female and 578 male breast cancer patients to investigate the risk of second primary malignancy (SPM). During a follow-up period that included 529,782 person-years, 3,153 cases of SPM developed. Compared with the general population, the standardized incidence ratio (SIR) of SPM in breast cancer patients was 1.51 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.46-1.56]. The observed risk was significantly higher in male patients (SIR 2.17, 95% CI 1.70-2.73) and in patients whose age at breast cancer diagnosis was 40 years or younger (SIR 3.39, 95% CI 2.80-4.07), comparing to age-matched general population. Compared with the overall female population, the SIRs of female breast cancer patients with uterine (SIR: 2.66, 95% CI: 2.37-2.98), thyroid (SIR: 2.30, 95% CI: 2.02-2.62), and bone and soft tissue (SIR: 2.16, 95% CI: 1.56-2.91) cancers were significantly increased. Male breast cancer patients also displayed significantly higher SIRs for thyroid (SIR: 13.2, 95% CI: 1.60-47.69), skin (SIR: 8.24, 95% CI: 3.02-17.94) and head and neck (SIR: 4.41, 95% CI: 2.35-7.54) cancers. Among breast cancer patients, risk factors significantly associated with SPM included male gender, older age, chemotherapy treatment and comorbidity with liver cirrhosis. From our analysis, we concluded that the risk of SPM was significantly higher for both male and female breast cancer patients compared with the general population, suggesting that more intensive surveillance may be needed, especially in high-risk patients.

Use of Radioactive Iodine for Thyroid Cancer and Risk of Second Primary Malignancy: A Nationwide Population-Based Study.

BACKGROUND: Radioactive iodine (RAI) is widely used for the treatment of thyroid cancers. However, information on associations between RAI dose and second primary malignancy (SPM) is lacking. METHODS: Patients without antecedent cancer age 20 years or older and newly diagnosed with thyroid cancer were recruited from the Taiwan National Health Insurance database between 1997 and 2010. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) for the cancers were calculated to compare the incidence of thyroid cancer with the general population. The association between RAI dosage and cancer development was estimated using time-dependent Cox regression analysis. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS: A total of 692 cases of SPM were identified among 20 235 patients with thyroid cancer. Regarding the latter, 79.7% of the patients were women, the median age was 46 years, and the follow-up period included 134 178 person-years. The SIR for any SPM was 1.41 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.31 to 1.52). A statistically significantly higher SIR was observed in leukemia (2.74), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (2.38), prostate (2.30), lung and mediastinum (1.93), pancreas (1.83), kidney (1.81), breast (1.48), and colon-rectum (1.31) cancers. Cumulative RAI dose (per 30 mCi increase) conferred a strong risk for SPM (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 1.01, 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.02, P < .001) and leukemia (aHR = 1.03, 95% CI = 1.02 to 1.04, P < .001) occurrences. A cumulative RAI dose greater than 150 mCi possessed a statistically significant risk for all cancer combined (aHR = 1.30) and leukemia (aHR = 6.03). CONCLUSIONS: An increased risk of SPM was observed for thyroid cancer patients, especially with cumulative RAI doses over 150 mCi.

Second primary malignancy risk among patients with gastric cancer: a nationwide population-based study in Taiwan.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have reported an increase in second primary malignancies (SPMs) among gastric cancer patients. METHODS: Patients who were newly diagnosed with gastric cancer between 1997 and 2011 were recruited from the Taiwan National Health Insurance database. Those who had antecedent malignancies or gastrointestinal stromal tumor were excluded. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) of SPMs were calculated. Risk factors for cancer development were analyzed by Cox proportional hazards models. Effects of treatments for gastric cancer were treated as time-dependent variables. RESULTS: During the 15-year study period, 47,729 gastric cancer patients were recruited. Overall, 2,110 SPMs developed during a total follow-up of 137,798 person-years. The SIR for all cancers was 1.46. The SIRs for specific follow-up periods were 1.43, 1.41, and 1.21 at >10 years, 5-10 years, and 1-5 years, respectively. After excluding SPMs that developed within 1 year, significantly higher SIRs were seen for cancers of the head and neck (1.34), esophagus (2.16), colon and rectum (1.37), bones and soft tissues (1.95), ovaries (2.89), bladder (1.47), or kidneys (1.44), as well as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (5.56). Multivariate analysis showed that age ≥70 years [hazard ratio (HR) 1.19], being male (HR 1.37), diabetes mellitus (HR 1.30), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (HR 1.17), and liver cirrhosis (HR 1.94) were independent risk factors. Radiotherapy (HR 1.24) and chemotherapy (HR 1.87) were independent risk factors, but surgery (HR 0.67) was not. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with gastric cancer are at increased risk of developing SPM. Close surveillance of patients with risk factors over a longer period should be considered.

Secondary Primary Malignancy Risk in Patients With Cervical Cancer in Taiwan: A Nationwide Population-Based Study.

To evaluate the risk of secondary primary malignancy (SPM) in patients with cervical cancer using a nationwide population-based dataset.Patients newly diagnosed with cervical cancer between 1997 and 2011 were identified using Taiwan's National Health Insurance database. Patients with antecedent malignancies were excluded. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) for SPM were calculated by comparing with the cancer incidence in the general population. Risk factors for cancer development were analyzed using Cox proportional hazard models.During the 14-year study period (follow-up of 223,062 person-years), 2004 cancers developed in 35,175 patients with cervical cancer. The SIR for all cancers was 1.56 (95% confidence interval, 1.50-1.63, P < 0.001). SIRs for follow-up periods of >10, 5 to 10, 1 to 5, and <1 year were 1.37, 1.51, 1.34, and 2.59, respectively. After the exclusion of SPM occurring within 1 year of cervical cancer diagnosis, SIRs were significantly higher for cancers of the esophagus (2.05), stomach (1.38), colon, rectum, and anus (1.36); lung and mediastinum (2.28), bone and soft tissue (2.23), uterus (3.76), bladder (2.26), and kidneys (1.41). Multivariate analysis showed that age ≥60 was a significant SPM risk factor (hazard ratio [HR] 1.59). Different treatments for cervical cancer, including radiotherapy (HR 1.41) and chemotherapy (HR 1.27), had different impacts on SPM risk. Carboplatin and fluorouracil independently increased SPM risk in cervical cancer patients.Patients with cervical cancer are at increased risk of SPM development. Age ≥60 years, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are independent risk factors. Carboplatin and fluorouracil also increased SPM risk independently. Close surveillance of patients at high risk should be considered for the early detection of SPMs.

Incidence of Second Primary Malignancies Following Colorectal Cancer: A Distinct Pattern of Occurrence Between Colon and Rectal Cancers and Association of Co-Morbidity with Second Primary Malignancies in a Population-Based Cohort of 98,876 Patients in Taiwan.

The purpose of this study is to determine the features of second primary malignancies (SPMs) among patients with prior colorectal cancer (CRC) using a nationwide population-based dataset.Patients with CRC newly diagnosed between 1996 and 2011, and >1 year of follow-up were recruited from the Taiwan National Health Insurance database. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) of SPMs in patients with CRC were calculated.During the 16-year study period, 4259 SPMs developed among 98,876 CRC patients. The median duration of follow-up was 4.03 years. The SIR for all SPMs was 1.13 (95% confidence interval = 1.10-1.17). Compared with the general population, a higher incidence of thyroid, prostate, ovarian, and hematologic malignancies developed among patients with colon cancer, whereas the risk for bone and soft tissue cancers increased among patients with rectal cancer. The risk for breast, bladder, kidney, lung, and uterine cancers was significantly higher in patients with colon and rectal cancers than the general population. The risk for liver and biliary tract cancers declined in patients with rectal cancer. Based on multivariate analysis among patients with CRC, age ≥70 years, men, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cirrhosis, and dyslipidemia were independent predictors of an SPM.In conclusion, patients with CRC were at increased risk for a second cancer. The pattern of SPMs was distinct between patients with colon and rectal cancer. Age, men, COPD, cirrhosis, and dyslipidemia were independent risk factors for SPMs. Surveillance and education should be provided for survivors with respect to risk for SPMs.

Development of second primary malignancy in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a nationwide population-based study.

BACKGROUND: With the improved survival of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) patients, development of second primary malignancy (SPM) has become an increasingly important issue in these long-term survivors. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study to analyze NHL patients diagnosed between January 1997 and December 2010 in Taiwan. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were applied to compare the risk of SPMs in NHL patients and the general population. Multivariate analysis was performed to determine the independent predictors of SPM. RESULT: NHL patients have a significantly greater risk of developing SPM [SIR 1.43; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.32-1.55; p < 0.001). A significantly high SIR was noted for leukemia, myeloma, and neoplasms of the bone and soft tissue, thyroid, central nervous system, skin, stomach, head and neck, liver and biliary tract, and the lungs and mediastinum. Multivariate analysis revealed that age ≥60 years [hazard ratios (HR) 2.04], being male (HR 1.22), comorbidities of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (HR 1.34), liver cirrhosis (HR 1.50), hepatitis C infection (HR 1.94) and therapy containing radiotherapy (HR 1.38) were the significant predictors for SPM occurrence. The median follow-up time and survival time were 3.37 and 9.45 years, respectively. CONCLUSION: This Taiwanese population-based study provides updated data about the risk of SPM in NHL patients, demonstrating an approximately 1.5 time greater risk of SPM compared to the general population. A high risk of SPM for myeloma and hepatocellular carcinoma is unique to Asian patients.

Aortic pseudoaneurysm formation following concurrent chemoradiotherapy and metallic stent insertion in a patient with esophageal cancer.

Aortic pseudoaneurysm formation subsequent to concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) for esophageal cancer patient with esophageal metallic stent insertion is a rare condition.A 52-year-old man with esophageal cancer, cT4N1M0, stage IIIC, was treated with concurrent weekly cisplatin (30 mg/m) and 5-Fluorouracil (500 mg/m) as well as radiotherapy (50.4 Gy in 28 fractions) for 6 weeks. An esophageal metallic stent was inserted for dysphagia 1 week after initiation of CCRT. During the treatment regimen, the platelet count dropped to less than 200 × 10 /µL. One month after the completion of CCRT, chest CT revealed the presence of an aortic pseudoaneurysm as well as aortoesophageal fistulas. A thoracic aortic endografting was performed and the patient responded well to surgery. However, the patient died 2 months later due to a nosocomial infection.Multimodality treatment for esophageal cancer comprising cisplatin-based CCRT and esophageal metallic stent placement near a great vessel may increase the risk of pseudoaneurysm formation.

Association of surgeon volume and hospital volume with the outcome of patients receiving definitive surgery for colorectal cancer: A nationwide population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) who undergo cancer surgeries with higher-volume providers may have better outcomes. The current debate focuses on whether it is hospital volume or surgeon volume that matters more. METHODS: The authors conducted a nationwide population-based study in Taiwan that enrolled all patients who underwent definitive surgery for newly diagnosed CRC between 2005 and 2011. All patients were divided into 4 quartiles according to hospital and surgeon volume. The main outcome was the 5-year mortality rate, which was analyzed using a frailty model for Cox regression. The authors also conducted fixed and random effects multivariate regression models to examine short-term outcomes and resource use, including operative mortality, hospital stay, emergency department visits within 30 days, and medical expenses. Analyses were adjusted for patient and provider characteristics. RESULTS: A total of 61,728 patients with CRC were included in the current study. The 5-year mortality rates were 38.7%, 32.8%, 32.0%, and 29.1% in descending order of hospital volume quartiles and were 41.4%, 34.1%, 29.8%, and 27.4% in descending order of surgeon volume quartiles. After adjustment for the individual and provider characteristics, surgeon volume, but not hospital volume, remained a significantly predictive factor of death (P<.001). In addition, those patients with CRC who underwent definitive surgeries performed by higher-volume surgeons had a relatively lower risk of operative mortality, shorter hospital length of stay, and lower medical expenses. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with CRC who underwent definitive surgery performed by higher-volume providers were found to have better outcomes. Surgeon volume may play a more important role than hospital volume. Cancer 2015;121:2782-2790. © 2015 American Cancer Society.

Risk of cancer in patients with iron deficiency anemia: a nationwide population-based study.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the risk of cancer among patients with iron deficiency anemia (IDA) by using a nationwide population-based data set. METHOD: Patients newly diagnosed with IDA and without antecedent cancer between 2000 and 2010 were recruited from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. The standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) of cancer types among patients with IDA were calculated. RESULTS: Patients with IDA exhibited an increased overall cancer risk (SIR: 2.15). Subgroup analysis showed that patients of both sexes and in all age groups had an increased SIR. After we excluded patients diagnosed with cancer within the first and first 5 years of IDA diagnosis, the SIRs remained significantly elevated at 1.43 and 1.30, respectively. In addition, the risks of pancreatic (SIR: 2.31), kidney (SIR: 2.23), liver (SIR: 1.94), and bladder cancers (SIR: 1.74) remained significantly increased after exclusion of patients diagnosed with cancer within 5 years after IDA diagnosis. CONCLUSION: The overall cancer risk was significantly elevated among patients with IDA. After we excluded patients diagnosed with IDA and cancer within 1 and 5 years, the SIRs remained significantly elevated compared with those of the general population. The increased risk of cancer was not confined to gastrointestinal cancer when the SIRs of pancreatic, kidney, liver, and bladder cancers significantly increased after exclusion of patients diagnosed with IDA and cancer within the first 5 years. This finding may be caused by immune activities altered by IDA. Further study is necessary to determine the association between IDA and cancer risk.

Secondary primary malignancy risk among patients with esophageal cancer in Taiwan: a nationwide population-based study.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the risk and sites of metachronous secondary primary malignancies (SPMs) among patients with esophageal cancer. METHODS: Newly diagnosed esophageal cancer patients between 1997 and 2011 were recruited. To avoid surveillance bias, SPMs that developed within one year were excluded. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) of metachronous SPMs in these patients were calculated by comparing to the cancer incidence in the general population. Risk factors for SPM development, included age, sex, comorbidities and cancer-related treatments, were estimated by Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: During the 15-year study period, 870 SPMs developed among 18,026 esophageal cancer patients, with a follow-up of 27,056 person-years. The SIR for all cancers was 3.53. The SIR of follow-up period ≥ 10 years was 3.56; 5-10 years, 3.14; and 1-5 years, 3.06. The cancer SIRs of head and neck (15.83), stomach (3.30), lung and mediastinum (2.10), kidney (2.24) and leukemia (2.72), were significantly increased. Multivariate analysis showed that age ≥ 60 years (hazard ratio [HR] 0.74), being male (HR 1.46) and liver cirrhosis (HR 1.46) were independent factors. According to the treatments, major surgery (HR 1.24) increased the risk, but chemotherapy was nearly significant. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with esophageal cancer were at increased risk of developing metachronous SPMs. The SIR remained high in follow-up > 10 years, so that close monitoring may be needed for early detection of SPM among these esophageal cancer patients.

Protein C deficiency related obscure gastrointestinal bleeding treated by enteroscopy and anticoagulant therapy.

Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding is an uncommonly encountered and difficult-to-treat clinical problem in gastroenterology, but advancements in endoscopic and radiologic imaging modalities allow for greater accuracy in diagnosing obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Ectopic varices account for less than 5% of all variceal bleeding cases, and jejunal variceal bleeding due to extrahepatic portal hypertension is rare. We present a 47-year-old man suffering from obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Computed tomography of the abdomen revealed multiple vascular tufts around the proximal jejunum but no evidence of cirrhosis, and a visible hypodense filling defect suggestive of thrombus was visible in the superior mesenteric vein. Enteroscopy revealed several serpiginous varices in the proximal jejunum. Serologic data disclosed protein C deficiency (33.6%). The patient was successfully treated by therapeutic balloon-assisted enteroscopy and long-term anticoagulant therapy, which is normally contraindicated in patients with gastrointestinal bleeding. Diagnostic modalities for obscure gastrointestinal bleeding, such as capsule endoscopy, computed tomography enterography, magnetic resonance enterography, and enteroscopy, were also reviewed in this article.

Frequency of surveillance computed tomography in non-Hodgkin lymphoma and the risk of secondary primary malignancies: A nationwide population-based study.

With increasing usage of computed tomography (CT) for lymphoma patients receiving curative-intent treatment, development of secondary primary malignancy (SPM) related to radiation from CT scans becomes an emerging issue in these long-term survivors. We conducted a nationwide population-based study analyzing non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) patients receiving curative-intent treatment between January 1997 and December 2010. Patients were divided into two populations by the medium number of CT performed. The cumulative incidence of SPM in these two groups was compared using the Kaplan-Meier method. Propensity score matching was applied to eliminate potential confounders. Group stratification and multivariate analyses calculated by Cox proportional hazard models using competing risk analyses adjusted for mortality were performed to identify independent predictors for SPM. Patients receiving >8 CT scans had a significantly greater risk for developing SPM (hazard ratio [HR] 2.25, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.61-3.13; p < 0.001) than those with ≤8 scans and this difference remained significant even after correction with propensity score matching. Among the 180 SPM identified, those receiving more CT scans had significantly higher SPM incidence in cancers of the breast (HR 11.22), stomach (HR 5.22) and liver and biliary tract (HR 2.18) in comparison to those with less exposure. The risk of SPM was estimated to increase 3% per one more CT scan performed. Our study demonstrated that after curative-intent treatment, patients with NHL receiving more frequent surveillance CT scans would have an increased risk of SPM.